Soil-structure Interaction Effects Research Articles

Influence of Subsoil and Building Material Properties on Mine-Induced Soil–Structure Interaction Effect

Influence of Subsoil and Building Material Properties on Mine-Induced Soil–Structure Interaction Effect

Seismic performance of soft soil foundation with a new type of assembled wall tuned mass damper.

The design of tuned mass damper (TMD) parameters is influenced by the soil-structure-TMD coupling system; thus, it is important to consider the soil-structure interaction (SSI) for the vibration control effect of the TMD. Recently, the acquisition of TMD parameters considering soil-structure interactions has only remained at the theoretical stage, lacking relevant experimental verification. Traditional TMD face the problems of occupying a large building space, increasing construction costs, and non-replaceable components. In this study, an assembled wall-type damping TMD was designed. By comparing the dynamic response of the uncontrolled and controlled structures equipped with the newly assembled wall-type damping TMD in the shaking table test on a soft soil foundation, we analyzed whether the SSI effect was considered in the TMD design parameters on the damping effect of the newly assembled wall-type tuned mass damper. The TMD parameters optimized using the artificial intelligence algorithm were verified experimentally. The results indicated that the traditional TMD design parameters were discordant because the SSI effect was not considered. The SSI effect in the soil effectively reduces the dynamic response of the superstructure. By considering the SSI effect and improving the multi-population genetic algorithm, a wall-type damping TMD with optimized parameters can achieve a good damping effect.

The Influence of Soil Deformability on the Seismic Response of 3D Mixed R/C–Steel Buildings

Following effective seismic codes, common buildings are considered to be made of the same material throughout the story distribution and based on an ideal rigid soil. However, in daily construction practice, there are often cases of buildings formed by a bottom part constructed with reinforced concrete (r/c) and a higher steel part, despite this construction type not being recognized by code assumptions. In addition, soil deformability, commonly referred to as the Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI), is widely found to affect the earthquake response of typical residence structures, apart from special structures, though it is not included in the normative design procedure. This work studies the seismic response of in-height mixed 3D models, considering the effect of sustaining deformable ground compared to the common rigid soil hypothesis, which has not been clarified so far in the literature. Two types of soft soil, as well as the rigid soil assumption, acting as a reference point, are considered, while two limit interconnections between the steel part on the concrete part are included in the group analysis. The possible influence of the seismic orientation angle is explored in the analysis set. Selected numerical results of the dynamic nonlinear analyses under strong near-fault ground excitations were plotted through dimensionless parameters to facilitate an objective comparative discussion. The effect of SSI on the nonlinear performance of three-dimensional mixed models is identified, which serves as the primary contribution of this work, making it unique among the numerous research works available globally and pointing to findings that are useful for the enhancement of the seismic rules regarding the design and analysis of code-neglected mixed buildings.

Comprehensive Review on Seismic Pounding Between Adjacent Buildings and Available Mitigation Measures

AbstractSeismic pounding has taken place in several earthquake events since adjacent structures that lack adequate separation distance usually suffer from repetitive, severe collisions. These collisions result in considerable impact forces in addition to acceleration spikes, thus dealing damage to both structural and non-structural elements. So, a meaningful effort has been widely directed towards the investigation of that phenomenon, leading to a considerable number of publications that are related to that field of study. A review of these publications has thus become a matter of interest. Accordingly, this paper mainly aims to present a detailed state-of-the-art review concerned with seismic pounding between adjacent buildings. Firstly, general definitions, types, and causes of seismic pounding are addressed. Later, facts and statistics of historical earthquake incidents that reflect the scale of the threat caused by seismic pounding are clarified. Moreover, the effect of seismic pounding on fixed-base and base-isolated buildings is discussed. Furthermore, the effect of soil-structure interaction is also presented. Additionally, alternative mitigation methods for seismic pounding are presented. Their classification, types, efficiency, and applicability are also discussed. Eventually, different impact analytical models that can be used to simulate seismic pounding in theoretical studies are discussed. By the end of this paper, deficiencies in previous studies are clarified in order to be taken into account throughout future studies.

Numerical Modelling simulation technology of Nonlinear Multi-Field Coupled Ground Foundation

Contemporary civil engineering practices demand sophisticated computational tools to navigate the complexities of structural systems and their interactions with the ground. This paper introduces a novel numerical modelling simulation technology tailored for nonlinear multi-field coupled ground foundations. Ground foundations, pivotal interfaces between structures and underlying soil, undergo intricate interactions influenced by various physical phenomena, including soil-structure interaction, soil-structure-fluid interaction, and thermal effects. Traditional analytical methods often falter in capturing the nuanced nonlinear behavior of these coupled systems. Consequently, this paper proposes a comprehensive numerical modelling framework integrating advanced computational techniques to accurately simulate the complex interplay of multiple fields within ground foundations. The methodology incorporates finite element analysis, multi-physics coupling algorithms, and advanced constitutive models to capture the nonlinear behavior of soil, structure, and fluid interactions. Through detailed case studies and validation against experimental data, the efficacy and accuracy of the proposed simulation technology are demonstrated, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize the design and analysis of ground foundation systems in civil engineering applications. This paper represents a foundational contribution towards advancing the state-of-the-art in numerical modelling simulation technologies for nonlinear multi-field coupled ground foundations, fostering innovation and optimization in civil engineering practice.

Numerical investigation of nonlinear soil-structure interaction effects on response of irregular RC buildings

Kathmandu, located in a high seismic zone, predominantly features irregular structures among its building stock. These structures are particularly susceptible to severe damage during seismic events, primarily due to torsional effects. Traditional seismic designs rely particularly on fixed-base conditions that underestimate forces and displacement primarily on soft soil conditions leading to irrational design practices. This study aims to quantify the seismic performance of buildings on various base conditions through fully nonlinear Soil-structure Interaction (SSI). The soil nonlinear behaviour was modelled using the Pressure-Independ-Multi-Yield (PIMY) material with an octahedral shear stress-strain backbone curve. Three distinct soil types were considered, and structures with irregular plan configurations were modelled using finite elements in both Opensees and STKO platforms. Structural performance was analyzed through nonlinear dynamic analysis, and outputs were evaluated based on seismic parameters. Comparing nonlinear SSI with linear SSI and fixed-base conditions revealed a significant increase in structural response, expressed in terms of displacement, drift ratio, and base shear. The magnitude of diaphragm rotation was found to be influenced by a combination of building torsional irregularity and SSI effects. It is suggested that the conventional practice of using the torsional irregularity ratio as a measure of torsional irregularity be revised and enhanced to better account for these influences. It has been quantified that torsional irregularity has a relatively lesser impact on displacements, drifts, and base shear compared to SSI. In all cases, fixed-base conditions consistently exhibited the minimum response. The study explored that linear SSI and fixed-base conditions tend to underestimate structural responses, while nonlinear SSI coupled with dynamic analysis provides a more accurate representation of realistic structural behaviour for seismic design particularly in soft soil cases.

The Parameter Identification of Structure with TMD considering Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction

Parameter identification is of great significance for the postearthquake performance evaluation of structure equipped with tuned mass damper (TMD). However, the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects have not been considered in the parameter identification of structure with TMD yet, which influence the dynamic characteristics and seismic responses of structures. This paper aims at proposing a framework for identifying the physical parameters of soil-structure-TMD system. Firstly, the accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm is combined with the search space reduction (SSR) method. Then, the frequency response function and transmissibility function are adopted for output-input and input-only cases, respectively, and a simplified mechanical model for soil-structure-TMD system is employed. Next, the measured responses are used to identify the physical parameters of structure with TMD considering SSI effects. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed identification method is investigated, and the influences of frequency band and noise pollution on the identification performance are discussed. The results show that the proposed strategy can identify the system physical parameters accurately and quickly. It is worth noting that high frequency bands and noise pollution may lead to estimation error, especially for output-only case.

The role of the foundation gap on the pounding between low-rise buildings

The pounding between two structures may cause severe damage, as demonstrated during historical seismic events. In particular, the effects of the continuity between the foundations below two structures have been investigated a few times in the past literature. Two different configurations (continue and non-continue foundations) have been investigated herein by considering several low-rise buildings. In order to consider the effects of Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) between the structures, the foundation, and the soil, a deformable soil below the foundations was considered. 3D Numerical simulations have been performed with Opensees by considering the SSI non-linear mechanisms of the complex system: soil-foundation-structure. A parametric study on the dynamic characteristics (fundamental periods) of the two structures was performed in order to assess the mutual effects of the soil and the considered low-rise buildings. It was demonstrated the role of continued foundations, whether for existing or new buildings, on reducing the pounding risk between structures. In particular, the collision between the two foundations may significantly increase the response of the building, depending on its flexibility. Also, the level of stress in the soil depends on the pounding forces causing significant increases in the structural deformations.

Targeted Energy Transfer Evaluation for Nonlinear Vibrations of Elastic Medium-Finite Length Beam System Using Nonlinear Energy Sink Theory

The elastic medium can usually reduce the vibration of supporting structure, and the impact of the interaction on the vibration characteristics of the structure is similar to the characteristic of nonlinear energy sink. At present, the dynamic research of beam on elastic foundation considering soil motion has been paid more and more attention. According to the modified Winkler model, the finite-depth elastic medium can be considered to the nonlinear energy sink mass, and the vibration energy dissipation capacity and parameter optimization of the elastic medium supporting finite-length beam under half sine pulse are studied. The Galerkin truncation is applied to the discretization of the governing equations. The numerical solution of the beam coupling system with simple support on the elastic medium is obtained by applying the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. Based on this, the input energy ratio of the elastic medium dissipation is investigated. Furthermore, through the analysis and optimization of targeted energy transfer and dissipation, the dissipation effect of the finite range elastic medium on the vibration energy of its supporting beam is revealed, and the optimal parameter range of the elastic medium is proved. The results show that after adjusting the elastic medium parameters by technical means, the nonlinear energy sink can absorb most of the vibration energy of the beam quickly and effectively, and the optimal energy dissipation ratio can reach 95.16[Formula: see text]. The quantitative evaluation of the energy dissipation in elastic medium within soil–structure interaction effect is realized.

Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Story Acceleration Response of a High-Rise Building

Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Story Acceleration Response of a High-Rise Building

Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on the Response of Machine Foundation Subjected to Seismic Loading: A Review Study

This review provides a detailed look at the current knowledge and approaches related to Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction (DSSI) in machine foundation design, focusing on its substantial impact on seismic response and structural stability. The significance of this interaction in structural design, especially in areas prone to seismic activity, is pivotal. The paper begins by exploring various modeling methods, like the Finite Element Method (FEM), highlighting their importance in understanding the intricate aspects of DSSI, such as energy loss and interface behavior. It is evident from the studies that FEM is particularly effective in analyzing settlement under reciprocating loads. Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is a complex phenomenon that can positively and negatively affect the seismic performance of machine foundations. Several factors, including embedment depth, soil stiffness, and foundation properties, govern the influence of SSI. This review discusses the dual nature of SSI and highlights the importance of considering the interaction between soil properties, foundation design, seismic loads, and interaction effects. In addition, it identifies the limitations of the current research and advocates for more accurate and inclusive models and extensive empirical studies to address real-world complexities and uncertainties. In conclusion, this review offers crucial insights and foundational knowledge for future innovative design solutions and advanced research methodologies and significantly contributes to developing resilient and reliable structural designs in seismic-prone regions. The emphasis is on the need for more nuanced and comprehensive studies to further the understanding and application of DSSI in machine foundation design.  

Seismic Response of Vertical Hybrid Concrete/Steel Frames Considering Soil–Structure Interaction

The aim of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of concrete/steel mixed structures. In engineering praxis, many buildings consist of two parts: one made of reinforced concrete and the other made of steel. There are several difficulties in the code-based seismic design of these structures due to the different dynamic responses of each discrete part. Seismic design codes, such as the IBC and Eurocode 8, do not provide instructions for structures consisting of two parts. In addition, they use a single-loading scenario, but there are many locations that are affected by more than one earthquake in a short period. Another drawback is that recent provisions do not consider soil–structure interaction effects. The specific issue addressed here is the seismic response of mixed structures, which is evaluated through inelastic time–history analysis. More specifically, the response indices involve height-wise distributions for peak interstory drift ratios, maximum floor horizontal displacements, maximum floor accelerations, and plastic hinge formations in the frame elements when they are subjected to seismic sequences of earthquakes, as well as in far fault ground motions for different soil types. The results reveal that sequential ground motions lead to increased displacement demands, and they affect the permanent displacements. This phenomenon appears in both cases of stiff and flexible soil, as well as for both regular and irregular frames. It is found that soil–structure interaction generally leads to lower values of IDR, and maximum horizontal displacement and acceleration in comparison with the case of rigid soil assumptions.

Numerical analysis on the seismic performance of subway station reinforced by ECC-BFRP

In areas with high seismic activity, enhancing the seismic performance of subway station structures is of paramount importance. This paper presents a novel approach involving the application of an ECC-BFRP (Engineered Cementitious Composite with Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composite layer to reinforce central columns of subway stations situated in loess site. To evaluate the effectiveness of this reinforcement method, a three-dimensional finite element model of subway station structure, accounting for soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects, was meticulously developed using the finite element software Abaqus. The seismic responses of the subway stations with various reinforcement scenarios such as reinforced by the cement mortar, ECC, Mortar-BFRP and ECC-BFRP layer were respectively analyzed in comparison to the unreinforced station. Both the structural displacement response and the changing pattern of damage development for the overall and local structural members were obtained. The results indicated that the ECC-BFRP composite layer could effectively improve the stiffness of the central column and reduce the seismic response of the station. Meanwhile, the seismic damage of the central column was significantly reduced, and the seismic damage distribution of other structural members was uniformly distributed. Consequently, the seismic performance of the station was effectively improved. The research results provided valuable guidance for the seismic design of underground structures.

The Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) on Structural Stability and Sustainability of RC Structures

The issue of SSI involves how the ground or soil reacts to a building built on top of it. Both the character of the structure and the nature of the soil have an impact on the stresses that exist between them, which in turn affects how the structure and soil beneath it move. The issue is crucial, particularly in earthquake regions. The interaction between soil and structure is an extremely intriguing factor in increasing or reducing structural damage or movement. Structures sitting on deformable soil as opposed to strong soil will experience an increase in static settlement and a decrease in seismic harm. The engineer must take into account that the soil liquefaction problem occurs for soft ground in seismic areas. A reinforced concrete wall-frame dual framework's dynamic reaction to SSI has not been sufficiently studied and is infrequently taken into consideration in engineering practice. The structures’ seismic performance when SSI effects are taken into account is still unknown, and there are still some misconceptions about the SSI idea, especially regarding RC wall-frame dual systems. The simulation study of the soil beneath the foundations significantly impacts the framework's frequency response and dynamic properties. Therefore, the overall significance of SSI in the structural aspect and sustainability aspects will be reviewed in this research.

INELASTIC DISPLACEMENTS MACHINE-LEARNING-BASED ESTIMATIONS FOR THE RC-BUILDINGS SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERING SSI EFFECTS

Over the past few decades, scientists have dedicated considerable attention to investigating the impact of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on buildings’ performance. It is now widely recognized that these interaction effects can either positively or negatively influence a building's response to seismic events. Regarding the seismic design of buildings following standard prescriptions and accounting for SSI effects, ASCE 7, for example, guides through the modification process of the design forces obeying the interacting soil-structure system (SSS) behavior in an oversimplified manner. Nevertheless, no recommendations are made for adequately estimating inelastic displacements (IDs) focused on the design process. In an effort to rectify these limitations, this study examines the inelastic displacement response of ductile RC buildings while incorporating the influence of SSI. In that sense, a database of 3D-model structures with varying in-plan and elevation geometries as well as different supporting soil characteristics were generated and later assessed using OpenSeesPy as the modeling and analysis engine. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were executed accounting for flexible-base and fixed-base conditions as per ASCE 41, and their inelastic displacements are used to generate estimation models. The Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT) technique from machine learning (ML) is used in accomplishing this aim. It was observed that the wave parameter σ, along with the flexible-to-fixed base design shear force ratio, V*, are enough to explain up to 90% of the variation in IDs in the estimation model.

Performance Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Under Coupled Horizontal and Vertical Ground Motions Using Fragility Surfaces

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to explore the seismic fragility of reinforced concrete bridges, specifically in response to the vertical components of ground motions, utilizing fragility surfaces. The examination of bridge responses involves the application of optimally selected intensity measures through three-dimensional nonlinear time-history analyses, encompassing uncertainties in both superstructure materials and soil–structure interaction effects. In this investigation, an extended Probabilistic Seismic Demand Model (e-PSDM) is employed, leveraging fragility surfaces to concurrently consider vertical and horizontal excitations. The results obtained from this approach are compared with traditional fragility curves. This study emphasizes Pile-cap displacement and drift ratio as pivotal engineering damage parameters, acknowledging their sensitivity to the influences of both soil–structure interaction effects and vertical ground motion. The fragility surfaces derived from the study reveal a correlation between increased vertical spectral accelerations and elevated probabilities of surpassing both slight damage and collapse limit states. These observations underscore the critical significance and practical utility of fragility surfaces in the context of performance-based seismic assessment and design for reinforced concrete bridges. The findings from this research contribute valuable insights into the nuanced behaviour of reinforced concrete bridges under seismic conditions, emphasizing the relevance of incorporating vertical components in fragility assessments for a more comprehensive understanding of structural vulnerability.

Study of the Impact Irregular Concrete Facilities with the Shear Walls Based: The Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction with ABAQUS Software

In the present study, the effect of irregularity of structures of the concrete with special shear walls has been analyzed and modeled by considering the effect of soil-structure interaction by dynamic analysis method with ABAQUS software. The results are presented in the form of diagrams with different soil interaction conditions, the effect of the number of layers was investigated for different soils. The results showed that the bearing system of the flexural frame and the concrete shear wall under the lateral load of the earthquake have good strength and ductility, which makes this issue. This structural system should be used for cities with very high earthquake risk. As the number of floors increases, the effect of the shear walls on increasing the bearing capacity decreases. As the number of floors increases, the final displacement of the frame increases. The results showed that for soil type 1(hard soil which Vs=1000 m/s, v=0.15, q=50000 Kg/m2, P=2000 Kg/m3, r=0.5 m) structural system of concrete shear walls with better displacement, maximum structural stiffness, better behavior was observed in the structure. Three-story frame with concrete shear wall has a significant increase compared to similar frames with more floors, which shows the good performance of this system in structures with fewer floors.

Study on seismic response of a novel prefabricated box culvert with split components based on shaking table test

The prefabricated structure of municipal engineering may face the challenges of shared load-bearing and coordinated deformation under complex geological conditions, earth pressure and groundwater under earthquake action. This study investigated the seismic performance of a novel prefabricated box culvert with split components (PBC-SC) to be constructed in the class Ⅱ site. A 1:10 test model fully considering all connection details was prepared, and shaking table tests were conducted using El Centro seismic waves with peak accelerations ranging from 0.1 g to 0.3 g. The full-scale numerical simulation of the soil-structure model of PBC-SC was prefabricated with ABAQUS to truly account for soil-structure interaction effect. The results of shaking table tests and numerical simulations on PBC-SC were analyzed and compared according to the similarity ratio. Even under the excitation peak acceleration of 0.3 g El Centro seismic wave, the measured acceleration and Fourier spectrum of each segment had only a small difference, thus usage of PBC-SC as a global structure could offer relatively continuous deformability and good seismic performance. To decompose the box culvert into simple assembled components, the connection techniques such as cylindrical pin connection, tongue-and-groove connection and mortise-tenon connection were adopted to ensure the seismic performance of PBC-SC. The research results provided a new idea for the design of PBC-SC and assembly connections for prefabricated structure, as well as further techniques and referable data for seismic response analysis.

Avaliação da resposta estrutural dinâmica não-determinística de edifícios quando submetidos a ações do vento

Abstract The construction of high-rise buildings has emerged as a constructive trend worldwide, and excessive vibration problems due to wind actions are becoming increasingly frequent. The Brazilian design standard NBR 6123 recommends that the transfer of wind actions used for structural analysis be carried out based on the pressure coefficients along the building facades for static analyses and considers their non-deterministic dynamic behaviour through a stochastic modelling method of the wind velocity field. To present an alternative approach to this methodology, this study aims to investigate the non-deterministic dynamic structural response of a real reinforced concrete building, considering the soil-structure interaction effect, using the pressure coefficients obtained through different methodologies such as numerical simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), international databases, and the recommendations of the Brazilian standard NBR 6123.

Advancements in base isolation for seismic mitigation: Perspectives on elastomeric and lead rubber bearings

Base isolation represents an environmentally sustainable and highly effective technique for mitigating structural responses to strong seismic forces generated by plate boundary tectonic activities. Its primary benefits include preventing structural collapse, minimizing property damage, and safeguarding human lives during severe earthquakes. This passive, energy-efficient approach is often complemented by supplementary dampers to further reduce seismic impact. This study provides a comprehensive overview of elastomeric and lead rubber isolators, covering their theoretical, experimental, and numerical aspects. The paper examines the seismic response of structures equipped with elastomeric and lead rubber bearings, including a discussion of their pros and cons. This paper presents the comparison of fixed base and rubber isolated base in SAP 2000 to assess the effectiveness of base isolation. Additionally, it presents findings from shaking table tests, relevant building codes, and practical applications, considering the impact of events beyond initial design parameters. The review delves into the historical evolution of elastomeric and lead rubber-bearing systems, offering valuable insights into their contemporary understanding. Furthermore, the paper introduces three-dimensional isolators designed to attenuate ground motion responses in both horizontal and vertical directions. It investigates the effects of soil-structure interaction and evaluates isolator responses under blast and impact aircraft loading conditions. Notably, specific types of bearings exhibit exceptional energy dissipation capabilities during catastrophic seismic events, leading to reduced floor acceleration and inter-storey sway at critical levels. In conclusion, the study offers future recommendations and identifies potential constraints in this field